1950 United Kingdom general election

1950 United Kingdom general election
← outgoing members elected members →
All 625 seats in the House of Commons; 313 seats needed for a majority
	Opinion polls
Turnout	83.9% (11.1 pp)
	Colours denote the winning party
	Composition of the House of Commons after the election
Prime Minister before election; Clement Attlee; Labour	Prime Minister after election ; Clement Attlee; Labour

The 1950 United Kingdom general election was the first to be held after a full term of a majority Labour government. The general election was held on Thursday 23 February 1950, and was also the first to be held following the abolition of plural voting and university constituencies. The government's lead over the Conservative Party shrank dramatically, and Labour was returned to power but with an overall majority significantly reduced from 146 to just 5. There was a 2.8% national swing towards the Conservatives, who gained 90 seats. Labour called another general election the following year, which the Conservative Party won, returning Churchill to government after six years in opposition.

Turnout increased to 83.9%, the highest turnout in a UK general election under universal suffrage,^[1] and representing an increase of more than 11% in comparison to 1945.

It was also the first general election to be covered on television, although no recording was made of the live broadcast, which was the standard practice at the time. Richard Dimbleby hosted the BBC coverage of the election, which he would later do again for the 1951, 1955, 1959 and the 1964 general elections. On this occasion, Dimbleby was joined in the BBC Alexandra Palace studios by R. B. McCallum, Fellow of Pembroke College, Oxford, and author of The British General Election of 1945, and David Butler, research student of Nuffield College. The first election night programme ran from 10:45 pm until just after 1:00 am.^[2]

Background

Significant changes since the 1945 general election included the abolition of plural voting by the Representation of the People Act 1948, and a major reorganisation of constituencies by the House of Commons (Redistribution of Seats) Act 1949. Eleven new English seats were created and six were abolished, and there were over 170 major alterations to constituencies across the country. Parliament was dissolved on 3 February 1950.^[3]

Campaign

The Conservatives, having recovered from their landslide election defeat in 1945, accepted most of the welfare state and nationalisation that had taken place under the Attlee government, which included the National Health Service and the mixed economy. The Tory manifesto, This Is The Road, accepted the new welfare state's foundations but focused on the loss of freedoms and aspirations since 1945. Churchill claimed Attlee had not "levelled up" but had actually "levelled down".^[4] The campaign essentially focused on the possible future nationalisation of other sectors and industries, which was supported by the Labour Party, and opposed by the Conservatives. The Liberals essentially viewed the struggle between the two parties on this issue as a class struggle.^[5]

One of the major election issues was the rationing still in effect on petrol, confectionery and meats over five years after the end of the war. The Conservative Party promised to phase out rationing while Labour campaigned for its continuation.^[6]

Analysis showed that Labour suffered huge losses of seats due to a "revolt of the suburbs", with substantial swings against them among Middle England voters in London, the Home Counties, Essex and Middlesex. The effects of the Labour government's austerity, and inflation had hit middle income voters hard. In particular, rationing of basic foods like bread and powdered egg were incredibly unpopular. While campaigning in Leicester, Attlee was met with "catcalls" and chants of "vermin" while Hugh Gaitskell sensed there was "a collection of grievances among the lower middle class and middle class" against Labour.^[4]

The Liberal Party fielded 475 candidates, more than at any general election since 1929. Liberal Party leader Clement Davies felt that the party had been at a disadvantage at the 1945 general election when they ran fewer candidates than needed to form a government. Davies arranged for the cost of running extra candidates to be offset by the party taking out insurance with Lloyd's of London against more than fifty candidates losing their deposits. In the event, the strategy only succeeded in causing a very marginal increase in the overall Liberal vote over the previous election (although it was still their best popular vote percentage since 1929); the number of votes per candidate declined sharply, resulting in them losing a further three seats from their already-disappointing 1945 showing. A total of 319 Liberal candidates lost their deposits, a record number^[7]^{[page needed]} until the 2015 general election, when candidates for the Liberal Democrats lost 335 deposits at the general election held in that year.^[8]

Results

Despite losing 78 seats, the Labour Party won an overall majority of 5 seats, down from 146 in the previous election, while their vote share slightly declined. The Conservatives saw a resurgence in their support, gaining an additional 90 seats and saw their vote share improve by more than 4%.

Prominent personalities entering Parliament in this election included Edward Heath (Bexley), Jo Grimond (Orkney and Shetland), Enoch Powell (Wolverhampton South West), Reginald Maudling (Barnet) and Iain Macleod (Enfield West).

Scottish politician Willie Gallacher lost his West Fife seat to Labour; he was the last MP in Parliament for the Communist Party of Great Britain.

The election began the fractionalization of the Labour Party into Bevanite and Gaitskellite factions after Hugh Gaitskell blamed Aneurin Bevan for their party's disappointing performance, leading to a growing rift between the two.^[9]

UK general election 1950
			Candidates						Votes
Party		Leader	Stood	Elected	Gained	Unseated	Net	% of total	%	No.	Net %
	Labour	Clement Attlee	617	315			−78	50.4	46.1	13,266,176	−1.6
	Conservative	Winston Churchill	619	298			+90	47.7	43.4	12,492,404	+4.3
	Liberal	Clement Davies	475	9	3	6	−3	1.4	9.1	2,621,487	+0.1
	Communist	Harry Pollitt	100	0	0	2	−2		0.3	91,765	−0.1
	Nationalist	James McSparran	2	2	0	0	0	0.3	0.2	65,211	−0.2
	Irish Labour	William Norton	2	0	0	0	0		0.2	52,715	N/A
	Independent	N/A	15	0	0	0	0		0.2	50,299	−0.4
	Independent Labour	N/A	6	0	0	0	0		0.1	26,395	−0.2
	Ind. Conservative	N/A	3	0	0	0	0		0.1	24,732	−0.1
	Sinn Féin	Paddy McLogan	2	0	0	0	0		0.1	23,362	N/A
	Labour Independent Group	Denis Pritt	4	0	0	0	0	0	0.1	19,013	N/A
	Plaid Cymru	Gwynfor Evans	7	0	0	0	0		0.1	17,580	+0.1
	Independent Liberal	N/A	2	1	0	1	−1	0.2	0.1	15,066
	SNP	Robert McIntyre	3	0	0	0	0		0.0	9,708	−0.1
	Anti-Partition	James McSparran	4	0	0	0	0		0.0	5,084	N/A
	Ind. Labour Party	David Gibson	4	0	0	3	−3		0.0	4,112	−0.2
	Independent Liberal and Conservative	N/A	1	0	0	0	0		0.0	1,551	N/A
	National Independent	N/A	1	0	0	2	−2		0.0	1,380	−0.3
	Mudiad Gweriniaethol Cymru	N/A	1	0	0	0	0		0.0	613	N/A
	Social Credit	John Hargrave	1	0	0	0	0		0.0	551	N/A
	United Socialist	Guy Aldred	1	0	0	0	0		0.0	485
	Socialist (GB)	N/A	2	0	0	0	0		0.0	448

Votes summary

Popular vote

Labour			46.11%
Conservative			43.42%
Liberal			9.11%
Others			1.36%

Seats summary

Parliamentary seats

Labour			50.40%
Conservative			47.68%
Liberal			1.44%
Others			0.48%

Notes

^ Represented Limehouse until the election.
^ Conservatives, Unionists and UUP 197 seats, 36.2%; Liberal Nationals 11 seats, 2.9% (merged with Conservatives in 1947).
^ All parties shown. Conservative total includes Liberal National Party, (Scottish) Unionists and Ulster Unionists.

^ The seat and vote count figures for the Conservatives given here include the Speaker of the House of Commons

References

^ Parliamentary Government in Britain, Holmes & Meier Publishers, 1981, page 104
^ "General Election Results", The Radio Times (1375): 47, 17 February 1950, retrieved 27 March 2018 – via BBC Genome
^ "Parliamentary Election Timetables" (PDF) (3rd ed.). House of Commons Library. 25 March 1997. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
^ ^a ^b "Masters No More: Clement Attlee and the 'Revolt of the Suburbs'". The Critic. 23 February 2021. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
^ "1950: Labour majority slashed". BBC News. 5 April 2005. Retrieved 13 May 2018.
^ Kynaston, David (2007). Austerity Britain, 1945–1951. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0-7475-7985-4.
^ De Groot 1993.
^ "Liberal Democrats face soaring fines for failing to win enough votes". Spectator Blogs. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
^ Campbell, John (2010). Pistols at Dawn: Two Hundred Years of Political Rivalry from Pitt and Fox to Blair and Brown. London: Vintage. p. 202. ISBN 978-1-84595-091-0. OCLC 489636152.
^ "Voter turnout at UK general elections 1945–2015". UK Political Info.

Sources

Craig, F. W. S. (1989), British Electoral Facts: 1832–1987, Dartmouth: Gower, ISBN 0900178302
De Groot, Gerard J. (1993), Liberal Crusader: The Life of Sir Archibald Sinclair, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, ISBN 978-1-85065-182-6
Nicholas, H. (1951). The British general election of 1950. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-77865-0.

External links

United Kingdom election results—summary results 1885–1979 Archived 30 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine

Manifestos

This is the Road: The Conservative and Unionist Party's Policy, 1950 Conservative Party manifesto
Let Us Win Through Together: A Declaration of Labour Policy for the Consideration of the Nation, 1950 Labour Party manifesto
No Easy Way: Britain's Problems and the Liberal Answers, 1950 Liberal Party manifesto

[1] Represented Limehouse until the election.

[2] Conservatives, Unionists and UUP 197 seats, 36.2%; Liberal Nationals 11 seats, 2.9% (merged with Conservatives in 1947).

[14] All parties shown. Conservative total includes Liberal National Party, (Scottish) Unionists and Ulster Unionists.

[speaker-3] The seat and vote count figures for the Conservatives given here include the Speaker of the House of Commons

[4] Parliamentary Government in Britain, Holmes & Meier Publishers, 1981, page 104

[5] "General Election Results", The Radio Times (1375): 47, 17 February 1950, retrieved 27 March 2018 – via BBC Genome

[6] "Parliamentary Election Timetables" (PDF) (3rd ed.). House of Commons Library. 25 March 1997. Retrieved 3 July 2022.

[thecritic-7] "Masters No More: Clement Attlee and the 'Revolt of the Suburbs'". The Critic. 23 February 2021. Retrieved 25 February 2022.

[8] "1950: Labour majority slashed". BBC News. 5 April 2005. Retrieved 13 May 2018.

[9] Kynaston, David (2007). Austerity Britain, 1945–1951. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0-7475-7985-4.

[FOOTNOTEDe_Groot1993-10] De Groot 1993.

[11] "Liberal Democrats face soaring fines for failing to win enough votes". Spectator Blogs. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 27 November 2015.

[:0-12] Campbell, John (2010). Pistols at Dawn: Two Hundred Years of Political Rivalry from Pitt and Fox to Blair and Brown. London: Vintage. p. 202. ISBN 978-1-84595-091-0. OCLC 489636152.

[turnout-13] "Voter turnout at UK general elections 1945–2015". UK Political Info.

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