Agavoideae
| Agavoideae | |
|---|---|
| |
| Agave victoriae-reginae | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Asparagaceae |
| Subfamily: | Agavoideae Herb |
| Type genus | |
| Agave | |
| Genera | |
|
See text | |
Agavoideae is a subfamily of monocot flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae, order Asparagales. It has previously been treated as a separate family, Agavaceae.[1] The group includes many well-known desert and dry-zone types, such as the agaves and yuccas (including the Joshua tree). About 640 species are placed in around 23 genera;[2] they are widespread in the tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate regions of the world.
Description and uses
[edit]Species may be succulent or not. In general, Agavoideae leaves occur as rosettes at the end of a woody stem, which may range from extremely short to tree-like heights, as in the Joshua tree. The leaves are parallel-veined, and usually appear long and pointed, often with a hardened spine on the end, and sometimes with additional spines along the margins.
Agave species are used to make tequila, pulque, and mezcal, while others are valued for their fibers. They are quite popular for xeriscaping, as many have showy flowers.
Systematics
[edit]The taxonomy of the group has varied widely. In the APG III system of 2009, adopted here, the Agavoideae are defined very broadly to include the former family Agavaceae along with other formerly separate families such as Anemarrhenaceae, Chlorogalaceae, Hostaceae, Yuccaceae, Anthericaceae, Hesperocallidaceae, and Chlorogalaceae, based on data from molecular systematics.[3] Stevens comments that "The broad concept of Agavoideae [...] may not seem very satisfactory" but that none of the alternatives is better.[2] Sources prior to 2009 will still have Agavaceae (in varying circumscriptions) as a separate family and may contain varying numbers of other families included in the Agavoideae in the APG III system.
Some genera formerly placed in this group (under whatever name) have been separated off; e.g. Dracaena, which superficially resembles some species of Agave, is currently placed in the subfamily Nolinoideae.[1]
Genera
[edit]A partial list of the genera included in the Agavoideae is given below. The reference is to the source that places the genus in this subfamily. As noted above, the genera currently included here have varied widely in their limits and assignment to families and subfamilies; some former family placements other than Agavaceae are found in the literature are given below.[2][4]
| Genus | Former family placement(s) outside Agavaceae/Agavoideae |
| Agave L. [1] | |
| Anemarrhena Bunge [1] | Anemarrhenaceae |
| Anthericum L. [1] | Anthericaceae |
| Behnia Didr. [1] | Behniaceae, Philesiaceae |
| Beschorneria Kunth [1] | |
| Camassia Lindl. [1] | Chlorogalaceae, Hyacinthaceae |
| Chlorogalum (Lindl.) Kunth [1] | Chlorogalaceae, Hyacinthaceae |
| Chlorophytum Ker Gawl. [1] | Anthericaceae |
| Clara Kunth | Herreriaceae |
| Diamena Ravenna [5] | |
| Diora Ravenna [5] | Anthericaceae |
| Diuranthera Hemsl. | |
| Echeandia Ortega [1] | Anthericaceae |
| Eremocrinum M.E.Jones [2] | |
| Furcraea Vent. [2] | |
| Hagenbachia Nees & Mart. [5] | |
| Hastingsia S.Watson [1] | Chlorogalaceae, Hyacinthaceae |
| Herreria Ruiz & Pav. [1] | Herreriaceae |
| Herreriopsis H.Perrier [1] | Herreriaceae |
| Hesperaloe Engelm. in S.Watson [5] | |
| Hesperocallis A.Gray [1] | Hesperocallidaceae, Hyacinthaceae |
| Hesperoyucca (Engelm.) Trel. [5] (included in Yucca by some sources) |
Yuccaceae |
| Hosta Tratt. [1] | Hostaceae |
| Leucocrinum Nutt. ex A.Gray [1] | Anthericaceae |
| Manfreda Salisb. [2] (included in Agave by some sources) |
|
| Paradisea Mazzuc. [1] | Asphodelaceae |
| Polianthes L. [2] (included in Agave by some sources) |
|
| Prochnyanthes S.Watson [5] | |
| Schoenolirion Durand [1] | Chlorogalaceae, Hyacinthaceae |
| Trihesperus Herb. | |
| Yucca L. [1] (including Samuela) |
Yuccaceae |
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Chase, M.W.; Reveal, J.L. & Fay, M.F. (2009), "A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 161 (2): 132–136, doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00999.x
- ^ a b c d e f g Stevens, P.F. (2001–2011), Angiosperm Phylogeny Website, retrieved 2011-05-25
- ^ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009), "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 161 (2): 105–121, doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x, hdl:10654/18083
- ^ Vascular Plant Families and Genera, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, archived from the original on 2012-09-15, retrieved 2011-05-17
- ^ a b c d e f "Query GRIN Taxonomy for Plants". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2011-05-27.
Sources
[edit]- David J. Bogler, J. Chris Pires and Javier Francisco-Ortega (2006). "Phylogeny of Agavaceae based on ndhF, rbcL, and ITS sequences: implications of molecular data for classification". Aliso. 22 (Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution): 313–328.
- David J. Bogler and Beryl B. Simpson (1995). "A Chloroplast DNA Study of the Agavaceae". Systematic Botany. 20 (2): 191–205. doi:10.2307/2419449. JSTOR 2419449.
- David J. Bogler and Beryl B. Simpson (September 1996). "Phylogeny of Agavaceae Based on ITS rDNA Sequence Variation". American Journal of Botany. 83 (9): 1225–1235. doi:10.2307/2446206. JSTOR 2446206.
External links
[edit]- Agavaceae in Flora of North America.
- Agavaceae in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.
- Die Agaven
- Agavaceae in BoDD – Botanical Dermatology Database
Media related to Agavoideae at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Agavoideae at Wikispecies
